Fundamental Rights in Indian Constitution - Indian Polity for All Competitive Exams

Fundamental Rights in Indian Constitution : Part III (Articles 12-35)

Part III of the Indian Constitution talks about Fundamental Rights. The fundamental rights were included in the constitution because they were considered essential for the development of the personality of every individual and to preserve human dignity. All people, irrespective of race, religion, caste or sex, have been given the right to move the Supreme Court and the High Courts for the enforcement of their fundamental rights.  There are six fundamental rights in India. They are Right to Equality, Right to Freedom, Right against Exploitation, Right to Freedom of Religion, Cultural and Educational Rights, and  Right to Constitutional Remedies. Article 12 to 35 of the Indian Constitution covers the Fundamental Rights of the citizen of the country.

General Rights:

• Article 12: The Definition of Fundamental Rights is given in this Article
• Article 13: The Article comprises Laws of inconsistent with or in derogation of the Fundamental Rights

Right to Equality:

• Article 14: The provisions regarding Equality before Law are included in this Article
• Article 15: Prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth is specified in this Article
• Article 16: This Article consists of Rights of Equality of opportunity in matters of public employment
• Article 17: Abolition of untouchability is mentioned in this particular Article
• Article 18: This Article provides details about Abolition of titles

Right to Freedom:

• Article 19: Protection of certain rights regarding freedom of speech, etc. are clearly specified in the Article
• Article 20: This Article states the Protection in respect of conviction for offenses
• Article 21: Protection of life and personal liberty is mentioned in the Article
• Article 22: This Article deals with Protection against arrest and detention in certain cases

Right against Exploitation:

• Article 23:The details of Prohibition of traffic in human beings and forced labor are presented in this Article
• Article 24:The Article contains Prohibition of employment of children in factories, etc.

Right to Freedom of Religion:

• Article 25:Particulars of freedom of conscience and free profession, practice and propagation of religion are clearly enumerated in this Article
• Article 26:The Article specifies the freedom to manage religious affairs
• Article 27:Freedom as to payment of taxes for promotion of any particular religion is stated in the Article
• Article 28:This Article includes freedom as to attendance at religious instruction or religious worship in certain education institutions

Cultural and Educational rights:

• Article 29:Protection of interests of minorities is specified in detailed form in this Article
• Article 30:Right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions is scripted in this very Article
• Article 31:The Article dealing with Compulsory acquisition of property has been repealed through the Constitution Act, 1978 under 44th Amendment

Saving of Certain Laws:

• Article 31A: This Article contains savings of laws providing for acquisition of estates, etc.
• Article 31B: Validation of certain Acts and Regulations are mentioned in the Article
• Article 31C: This Article deals with saving of laws giving effect to certain directive principles
• Article 31D: This Article deals with saving of laws giving effect to certain directive principles

Right to Constitutional Remedies:

• Article 32:Remedies for enforcement of rights conferred by this part have been included in the Article
• Article 33:This particular Article addresses the Power of Parliament to modify the rights conferred by this Part in their application to forces, etc.
• Article 34:Restriction on rights conferred by this Part while martial law is in force in any area is mentioned in the Article
• Article 35:This Article indicates the Legislation to give effect to the provisions of this Part

Schedules of Indian Constitution - Indian Polity for All Competitive Exams

Schedules of Indian Constitution - Indian Polity for All Competitive Exams

Indian Constitution originally had eight schedules. Four more schedules were added by different amendments. Schedules are basically tables which contains additional details not mentioned in the articles. Here is a brief description of the schedules of Indian Constitution : 

Indian Constitution Schedules 1 to 12
First schedule contains the list of states and union territories
Second schedule contains provisions of the President, Governors of States, Speaker and the Deputy Speaker of the House of the People and the Chairman and the Deputy Chairman of the Council of States and the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker of the Legislative Assembly and the Chairman and the Deputy Chairman of the Legislative Council of a State, the Judges of the Supreme Court and of the High Courts and the Comptroller and Auditor-General of India
Third Schedule contains the Forms of Oaths or Affirmations.
Fourth Schedule contains provisions as to the allocation of seats in the Council of States.
Fifth Schedule contains provisions as to the Administration and Control of Scheduled Areas and Scheduled Tribes.
Sixth Schedule contains provisions as to the Administration of Tribal Areas in the States of Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram.
Seventh Schedule contains the Union list, State list and the concurrent list.
Eighth Schedule contains the list of recognized languages.
Ninth Schedule contains provisions as to validation of certain Acts and Regulations.
Tenth Schedule contains provisions as to disqualification on ground of defection.
Eleventh Schedule contains the powers, authority and responsibilities of Panchayats.
Twelfth Schedule contains the powers, authority and responsibilities of Municipalities.

List of National Parks in India - Static GK for All Competitive Exams

List of National Parks in India - Static GK for All Competitive Exams

What is a National Park

An area, whether within a sanctuary or not, can be notified by the state government to be constituted as a National Park, by reason of its ecological, faunal, floral, geomorphological, or zoological association or importance, needed to for the purpose of protecting & propagating or developing wildlife therein or its environment. No human activity is permitted inside the national park except for the ones permitted by the Chief Wildlife Warden of the state under the conditions given in CHAPTER IV, WPA 1972.

There are 104 existing national parks in India covering an area of 40501.13 km², which is 1.23% of the geographical area of the country (National Wildlife Database, May, 2019).

List of National Parks in India 

Name	State
Anamudi Shola National Park	Kerala
Anshi National Park	Karnataka
Balphakram National Park	Meghalaya
Bandhavgarh National Park	Madhya Pradesh
Bandipur National Park	Karnataka
Bannerghatta National Park	Karnataka
Betla National Park	Jharkhand
Bhitarkanika National Park	Odisha
Bison (Rajbari) National Park	Tripura
Blackbuck National Park, Velavadar	Gujarat
Buxa Tiger Reserve	West Bengal
Campbell Bay National Park	Andaman and Nicobar Islands
Chandoli National Park	Maharashtra
Clouded Leopard National Park	Tripura
Dachigam National Park	Jammu and Kashmir
Desert National Park	Rajasthan
Dibru-Saikhowa National Park	Assam
Dudhwa National Park	Uttar Pradesh
Eravikulam National Park	Kerala
Galathea National Park	Andaman and Nicobar Islands
Gangotri National Park	Uttarakhand
Gir Forest National Park	Gujarat
Gorumara National Park	West Bengal
Govind Pashu Vihar Wildlife Sanctuary	Uttarakhand
Great Himalayan National Park	Himachal Pradesh,
Gugamal National Park	Maharashtra
Guindy National Park	Tamil Nadu
Gulf of Mannar Marine National Park	Tamil Nadu
Guru Ghasidas (Sanjay) National Park	Chhattisgarh
Hemis National Park	Jammu and Kashmir
Inderkilla National Park	Himachal Pradesh
Indra Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary and National Park	Tamil Nadu
Indravati National Park	Chhattisgarh
Jaldapara National Park	West Bengal
Jim Corbett National Park	Uttarakhand
Kalesar National Park	Haryana
Kanha National Park	Madhya Pradesh
Kanger Ghati National Park	Chhattisgarh
Kasu Brahmananda Reddy National Park	Telangana
Kaziranga National Park	Assam
Keibul Lamjao National Park	Manipur
Keoladeo National Park	Rajasthan
Khangchendzonga National Park	Sikkim
Khirganga National Park	Himachal Pradesh
Kishtwar National Park	Jammu and Kashmir
Kudremukh National Park	Karnataka
Madhav National Park	Madhya Pradesh
Mahatma Gandhi Marine National Park	Andaman and Nicobar Islands
Mahavir Harina Vanasthali National Park	Telangana
Manas National Park	Assam
Mandla Plant Fossils National Park	Madhya Pradesh
Marine National Park, Gulf of Kutch	Gujarat
Mathikettan Shola National Park	Kerala
Middle Button Island National Park	Andaman and Nicobar Islands
Mollem National Park	Goa
Mouling National Park	Arunachal Pradesh
Mount Abu Wildlife Sanctuary	Rajasthan
Mount Harriet National Park	Andaman and Nicobar Islands
Mrugavani National Park	Telangana
Mudumalai National Park	Tamil Nadu
Mukundra Hills National Park	Rajasthan
Mukurthi National Park	Tamil Nadu
Murlen National Park	Mizoram
Nagarhole National Park	Karnataka
Namdapha National Park	Arunachal Pradesh
Nameri National Park	Assam
Nanda Devi National Park	Uttarakhand
Navegaon National Park	Maharashtra
Neora Valley National Park	West Bengal
Nokrek National Park	Meghalaya
North Button Island National Park	Andaman and Nicobar Islands
Ntangki National Park	Nagaland
Orang National Park	Assam
Pambadum Shola National Park	Kerala
Panna National Park	Madhya Pradesh
Papikonda National Park	Andhra Pradesh
Pench National Park [3]	Madhya Pradesh
Periyar National Park	Kerala
Phawngpui Blue Mountain National Park	Mizoram
Pin Valley National Park	Himachal Pradesh
Rajaji National Park	Uttarakhand
Rani Jhansi Marine National Park	Andaman and Nicobar Islands
Ranthambore National Park	Rajasthan
Saddle Peak National Park	Andaman and Nicobar Islands
Salim Ali National Park	Jammu and Kashmir
Sanjay National Park [4]	Madhya Pradesh
Sanjay Gandhi National Park	Maharashtra
Sariska Tiger Reserve	Rajasthan
Satpura National Park	Madhya Pradesh
Silent Valley National Park	Kerala
Simbalbara National Park	Himachal Pradesh
Sirohi National Park	Manipur
Simlipal National Park	Odisha
Singalila National Park	West Bengal
South Button Island National Park	Andaman and Nicobar Islands
Sri Venkateswara National Park	Andhra Pradesh
Sultanpur National Park	Haryana
Sundarbans National Park	West Bengal
Tadoba National Park	Maharashtra
Valley of Flowers National Park	Uttarakhand
Valmiki National Park	Bihar
Vansda National Park	Gujarat
Van Vihar National Park	Madhya Pradesh